CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Creation of secured access path to offices homes hotels industries etc. has been a

successful discovery of man. As a result of this it has been possible to create

door/gates that are well secured using smart card.

Individuals are becoming more aware of the dangers/ risk associated with relying

on keys or padlocks to provide security to unauthorized areas of their apartments.

Fraudsters/criminals can forge keys or make master keys that will be used to break

into such rooms or offices. To eliminate this insecure and old fashioned method

the use of password in doors/gates mechanism evolved. The development of single

secret authentication such as password is an effective security control.

A long pass-word of more than ten characters that consists of random letters

numbers and special character can be very difficult to crack. Unfortunately users

cannot always remember the sort of pass-word partly due to fundamental human

limitations.

However most security guidance recommends at least eight character random

password. Because most users cannot commit eight character random password to

memory and many attempt to write it down on a piece of paper which can be

misplaced or seen by another person while some users tend to choose easy to

remember passwords such as ̳123‘ or other easily guessed characters. Due to this

shortcoming of a single secret authentication creation of two factor authentication

evolved.

Two-factor authentication i.e. System that uses card and pin code for

authentication overcame the issues of single secret authentication by the

requirement of a second secret. Two-factor authentication uses a combination of

the following items;

Something that the user has such as hardware token or a smartcard.

Something the user knows such as personal identification number (pin).

Smartcard and their associated pins are becoming increasingly popular reliable

and cost effective. Two-factor authentication with the right control in place the

user must have the smartcard and know the pin code to gain access to the required

apartment. The smartcard requirement significantly reduces the likelihood of

unauthorized access to an organization‘s outfit.

Hence to reduce or eliminate the access of unauthorized personnel into

unauthorized areas an automated door/access path is to be constructed. This

involves controlling the doors/gates by an artificial means (artificial intelligence).

It involves the application of automated system that is incorporated into these

doors/gates for efficient and optimum performance. Taking the advantage of the

microcontroller as one of the fastest processing and intelligent instrument was

incorporated into the system and interfaced with smartcard in order to achieve

accuracy in processing.

This project was constructed using microcontroller for better creativity and beauty

in design. The microcontroller (programmable) has series of instruction fed into it

this help it to accomplish most intelligent task like the human brain. These include

detection of card identification of password displaying ―access granted‖ ―access

denied‖ and opening and closing of door/gate with the aid of the smart card. An

electromagnetic relay controls the opening and closing of the door/gate which is

moved to and fro by a synchronous motor (DC).

The microcontroller based security door using smart card is designed using the

89S52 microcontroller with appropriate software package. The project is

segmented into different module which includes; the mechanical

electrical/electronic and programmable (computerized) part as listed below;

1. The microcontroller module

2. The keypad module

3. Electromagnetic relay

4. The display unit (module)

5. The Smart card module

6. The alarm signal module

7. The sliding door/gate

8. Electric motor

9. The Power Supply Module etc.

The microcontroller: The microcontroller does most of the addressing and

instruction execution through its data address and control busses.

The Keypad: The keypad is used for selection i.e. As an input device to issue

instruction to the control processing unit (CPU) of the processor.

The smart card and its associated pin: provide the security system.

The Display Module: the display module shows the output of events that are

taking place.

The Electromagnetic Relay: The help of the relay is utilized by the CPU to

switch the motor ON which moves or turns causing the gate/door to slide to

the defined direction.

The Alarm Unit: The alarm unit produces an alarm signal when a wrong

password or pin code is entered more than three times.

The power supply Unit: The power supply unit supplies a voltage for optimum

operation of the circuit.

In all this project demonstrates the integral function of what is obtainable in real

system.

1.1 AREAS OF APPLICATION

This project is applicable in areas where unauthorized personnel are restricted from

access as can be seen in

Offices

Hotels

Residential quarters

Banks Security System

Credit or ATM cards

Authorization card for pay television

Sims for mobile phones

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The major aim of this project is to construct a system that uses two-factor

authentication (smart card and their associated pins) to provide security control to

reduce the threat of authorized access to some restricted areas. It also aims at

bridging the technological gap between developing and developed countries of the

world.

1.3 PROJECT SCOPE

The construction of security door using smart card is based on discrete components

like resistors transformers Liquid crystal display transistors relays

microcontroller D.C motor diodes bridge rectifier bolt and nuts aluminum etc.

This project design can be mounted on hotels door office door etc with the

incorporation of big dc motor and thyristor that will be able to drive specially

constructed sliding gate/door when activated.